S4E13: Andrianampoinimerina part 1 - The True Prince

1905 Portrait of Andrianampoinimerina by Philippe-Auguste Ramanankirahina

In the late 18th century, Imerina was still emerging from a period of profoundly devastating civil war. The man who would lift Imerina out of the civil war was born in the Kingdom of Zafumamy, a small offshoot kingdom located to the northeast of Ambohimanga. He was the son of the King of the Zafimamy and the princess of Ambohimanga.
 

The Rova of Ambohimanga remains one of the best-preserved and most visited Merina historical sites to this day.

At a young age, Andrianampoinimerina, still then known by his birth name Rambosalamarazaka, quickly emerged as the favorite to inherit the kingdom of Ambohimanga. However, the kingdom was instead inherited by his uncle Andrianjafy. Throughout his rule, the king would enact several unpopular policies. His failed wars against the king of Antananarivo led to economic strife, as did growing tribute demands from Ambohimanga's Sakalava overlords. In order to cope with these growing demands, Andrianjafy made the unpopular decision to begin manufacturing criminal accusations against his own subjects to justify selling them into slavery.

The Hill of Ikaloy, the capital of the Zafimamy Kingdom.

This unpopular decision justified a group of nobles in overthrowing Andrianjafy and placing Andrianampoinimerina into power. 

S4E12: The Crisis of the 18th Century part 2: The Merina Civil War

During this period of civil war, the Sakalava Kingdoms of Menabe and Boeny exploited Merina polities for tribute payments of cattle and slaves in exchange for military assistance.

With the collapse of centralized political authority, the 18th century saw Imerina fall into 70 years of bloody civil war.

The 18th century saw an acceleration of an existent, but relatively small slave trade in Madagascar into a large, organized affair. In addition to their own raids on the Merina, Sakalava raiders offered their services as mercenaries to Merina rump states in exchange for assistance in their civil war. Sakalava soldiers were generally larger and healthier due to a more nutritious diet, as well as more experienced in combat and better equipped, but they failed to make a decisive difference in the tangled mess of Merina civil wars. Given how advantageous the situation was for them either way, the raiders likely didn't mind this shortcoming.

The Spanish "Real de a Ocho" or "Piece of Eight", the coins which Rakotomavo sought to mint

The king of Ambohimanga, Rakotomavo, tried to salvage his kingdom's economy with an unsuccessful attempt to counterfeit Spanish pieces of eight to facilitate a competitive advantage in trade with foreigners. The plan failed.

Enslaved man on a sugar plantation in Mauritius

The rising slave trade on Madagascar during the Merina civil war was fueled largely by two growing markets for Malagasy enslaved workers. In the east, French investors planned to transform the once derelict Dutch colony of Mauritius into an enormous sugar plantation. The colony proved enormously profitable for investors, and enormously costly on laborers. The deadly conditions forced the French to constantly purchase new labor to replace losses.

Auction of enslaved people in Zanzibar

In modern Tanzania, the Sultanate of Oman was expanding the spice plantations surrounding Zanzibar. While these plantations had not reached their full potential yet, the 18th century marked the beginning of a period of rapid growth. Throughout the 18th century, the majority of enslaved people exported from Madagascar ended up in this region of East Africa.